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The world’s first-recorded  is considered a woman named , a perfume maker mentioned in a tablet from the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamia.^[2] She distilled flowers, oil, and  with other , then filtered and put them back in the still several times.^[3] In India, perfume and perfumery existed in the (3300 BC – 1300 BC). One of the earliest distillations of was mentioned in the Hindu Ayurvedic text andIn 2004 – 2005,^[5] archaeologists uncovered what are believed to be the world’s oldest surviving perfumes in. The perfumes date back more than 4,000 years. They were discovered in an ancient perfumery, a 4,000-square-metre (43,000 sq ft) factory housing at least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels, and perfume bottles. In ancient times people used  and  such as  and  as well as

perfume vase shaped like a female head, 2nd century BC

In the 9th century the  (Alkindus) wrote the Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations, which contained more than a hundred recipes for fragrant , salves, aromatic waters, and substitutes or imitations of costly drugs. The book also described 107 methods and recipes for perfume-making and perfume-making equipment, such as the  (which still bears its Arabic name. [from ἄμβιξ, “cup”, “beaker”] described by in the 4th century).

The Persian chemist Ibn Sina (also known as ) introduced the process of extracting oils from flowers by means of, the procedure most commonly used today. He first experimented with the . Until his discovery, liquid perfumes consisted of mixtures of oil and crushed herbs or petals, which made a strong blend.  was more delicate, and immediately became popular. Both the raw ingredients and the  technology significantly influenced western perfumery and scientific developments, particularly

The art of perfumery was known in western Europe from 1221, taking into account the  recipes of Santa Maria delle Vigne or of  Italy.In the east, the produced in 1370 a perfume made of scented oils blended in an alcohol solution – best known as  – at the behest of . The art of perfumery prospered in Italy, and in the 16th century the personal perfumer to  (1519–1589), Rene the (Renato il fiorentino), took Italian refinements to France. His laboratory was connected with her apartments by a secret passageway, so that no formula could be stolen en route. Thanks to Rene, France quickly became one of the European centers of perfume and manufacture. Cultivation of flowers for their perfume essence, which had begun in the 14th

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century, grew into a major industry in the south of France.

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The word perfume derives from the Latin perfumare, meaning “to smoke through”. Perfumery, as the art of making perfumes, began in ancient  and , and was further refined.